Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:3 Issue: 2, Spring 2019

Necdin is an important negative regulator of white adipogenesis. The acute effect of aerobic exercise on necdin concentration is unclear; therefore the present study was conducted to determine the effects of a bout of intensive aerobic exercise on necdin concentration in obese and lean men.

Eighteen sedentary obese (Age: 21.7 ± 2.1 and BMI: 33.7 ± 2.1 kg/m2; ± SD, n = 9) and lean (Age: 20.5 ± 0.7 and BMI: 17.6 ± 1.6 kg/m2; ± SD, n = 9) men volunteered to participate in this study. All the subjects were performed the Bruce test as the intensive aerobic exercise. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the intensive aerobic exercise.

No significant differences were observed at baseline in necdin concentration between obese and lean subjects (35.8 ± 24.2 vs. 21.9 ± 16.2 pg/ml; P = 0.2 respectively). After an intensive aerobic exercise necdin concentration increased significantly in the lean subjects (21.9 ± 16.2 to 65.9 ± 86.1 pg/ml; P = 0.01) however no significant changes were observed in the obese subjects (35.8 ± 24.2 to 36.9 ± 19.3 pg/ml; P = 0.5). The results revealed that necdin concentration was higher in the lean subjects in compare to the obese subjects (P = 0.03) in response to a bout of intensive aerobic exercise.

The results of present study suggest that necdin concentration increases in response to acute aerobic exercise in lean subjects. Future studies are needed to examine the effect of exercise training on necdin levels in the obese subjects.

Ghrelin is a gut-derived peptide that stimulates appetite and playing a key role in short-term energy homeostasis. There is a strong correlation between increases in circulating ghrelin with weight loss and changes in ghrelin are related to changes in energy availability, include food intake and exercise expenditure. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of continuous and discontinuous training on ghrelin concentration of non-athlete, middle-age woman.

Forty five middle-aged, non-athlete women voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects were divided randomly to three groups including: continuous, discontinuous and control group (each group 15). One day before the beginning of training program, the blood sample were taken in fasting state .The two training groups participated in sport activities for eight weeks, three times a week with 50-70 heart rate/min for duration 60-90 minutes .The training program of continuous group were performed in one session and the program of discontinuous group were performed in two sessions with same time and intensity. 24 hours following the end of the 8th week, all the measurements were performed similar to the pretest phase. The data was analyzed using one way analysis of variance.

The fasting ghrelin concentration significantly increased in both exercise groups in compare with control group (P<0.001). Weight, also, in discontinuous group was significantly decreased in compare with control following 8 weeks of exercise training (P<0.05).

Regular exercise training was found to improve the serum ghrelin concentration and some components of body composition in non-athlete, middle-age women; thus, it seems that this type of training can be efficient, safe and inexpensive way in order to health care of middle aged women.

Fasting stimulates, whereas glucose suppresses growth hormone (GH) secretion, but the effect of doing exercise in hypo or hyper condition on GH concentration is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine exercise induced-changes in GH in hypo and hyperglycemia conditions.

Eleven non-athletes healthy men (aged: 21.0 ± 2.1 years; body mass index (BMI): 22.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2; mean ± SD) were participated in this study as the subject. At the first week, the subjects were consumed 1 g/kg body weight of glucose in 200 mL water 30 min prior to exercise (hyperglycemia condition) and subsequently walked on a treadmill at 50% of heart rate reserve (HRR) for 60 min. Glucose and GH levels were measured at baseline, immediately and 30 min after the exercise. After a week, the subjects were performed the same exercise after at least 14 h of fasting (hypoglycemia condition) and glucose and GH levels were measured at the same times of the first week.

The results showed that glucose level had not significant changes in response to exercise at the hypoglycemia condition but it was decreased significantly immediately after the exercise at the hyperglycemia condition and it was lower than the baseline until 30 min after the exercise. Repeated measures of ANOVA test showed that there were no significant differences in the GH concentration in the hypo and hyperglycemia conditions at the baseline. The results revealed that GH concentration was increased significantly immediately after the exercise at the hypo and hyperglycemia conditions and the increases of the GH was higher in the hypoglycemia condition in compare to the hyperglycemia condition (P<0.05). GH concentration was returned to the baseline levels 30 min after the exercise at the hypo and hyperglycemia conditions.

In conclusion, it seems that exercise induced-GH is higher in hypoglycemia condition.

Depression may affect up to 50% of the multiple sclerosis (MS) population and can significantly impact other symptoms such as fatigue and pain, as well as negatively affecting cognition and quality of life. Exercise may be a potential treatment to prevent or reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with MS, but existing studies do not allow solid conclusions. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of 8 weeks resistance exercise on depression, adrenocotrotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentration in female patients with MS.

27 women with MS (mean of age of 32.3 ± 6.9 years) with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores lower than 4.5 were randomly assigned to training or control group. The training group performed progressive resistance training program, 3 days a week for 8 weeks, whereas control group continued their usual routine activities. Depression was measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and plasma level of ACTH and cortisol were measured by ELISA kits before and after training. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA.

Results of ANCOVA test indicated that BDI score improves after 8 weeks resistance training (F=12.3, P=0.001). ACTH concentrations were increased (F=26.6, P=0.001) and cortisol levels were decreased (F=26.0, P=0.001) significantly after the intervention.

These results suggest that resistance training improves depression symptoms and its related hormones in female patients with MS.

The concept of metabolic syndrome includes a number of metabolic disturbances linked by insulin resistance, which increase cardiovascular and diabetes risk. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a single bout of circuit resistance training on metabolic syndrome risk factors in men with type 2 diabetes.

30 men (age: 36.3 ± 4.7 yr; BMI: 27.7 ± 0.9 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = 15) that performed a single bout of circuit resistance training or a control group (n = 15) that did not perform any type of physical exercise over the same period. Body composition, blood pressure, and blood sample measurements were performed before and after intervention.

No significant differences were observed in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance index determined by HOMA-IR, total cholesterol [TC], triglyceride [TG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL], systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP and DBP] in the exercise group compare to the control group.

Our results suggest that a single bout of circuit resistance training had no significant effect on metabolic syndrome risk factors in the healthy young men.

Traditional resistance training increases strength and power; however, exercises that use the entire range of motion (ROM) may not provide the optimal stimulus for enhancing sports performance. The purpose of this investigation was to compare partial ROM vs. full ROM lower-body resistance training on hormonal responses and muscle strength in young women.

Fourteen young women (age 26.9 ± 5.1 years, height 166.7 ± 5.1 cm, and body mass 62.5 ± 11.8 kg) voluntary to participate in this study. Volunteers were randomly assigned to 2 groups: (a) full ROM (FROM; n = 7) or (b) partial ROM (PROM; n = 7). The subjects in FROM group were introduced to perform hamstring with machine, squat, dead lift and leg press with 60 to 80 percent of one repetition maximum (1RM), 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in PROM group were introduced to perform that same training with first half ROM and second half ROM with 50 to 80 percent of 1RM, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Maximal strength was measured by 1RM before and after the intervention and growth hormone (GH), testosterone (Ts), cortisol (Cor) and testosterone to cortisol ratio (Ts/Cor ratio) were measured at baseline and immediately and 30 min after the last season of training.

The results indicated that muscle strength in each station were increased significantly after both of training methods (P<0.05) and no significant differences were observed between FROM and PROM methods. Repeated-measure analyses of variance revealed that GH and Ts levels had not significant changes after the FROM or PROM resistance training; however, Ts/Cor ratio was increased and Cor levels were decreased after both of training methods (P<0.05). For hormonal responses, no significant differences were observed between FROM or PROM resistance training.

The results suggest that muscle strength and hormonal responses can be improved with both FROM and PROM resistance training and there is no significant difference between these methods.